Impact of Trauma on The Human Body Journal

Impact of Trauma on The Human Body

Abstract

Impact of Trauma on The Human Body
Trauma tends to impact everyone in their own way due to the difference of personal experiences with certain life traumatic stressors that causes an individual to emotionally react and be either experience acute, chronic, or complex trauma within the mind. Trauma strips away a sense of safety in society, and replacing it panic, anxiety, PTSD, and other numerous mental illnesses. Trauma not only influences the mind and brain itself, but also plays a crucial impact on the human body.
Literature Review
The database used for the research of this paper was Google Scholar with 47,500 results produced, categorized by since the year 2017, only gathering data within the last 5 years. Only certain journal articles were viewed for the purpose of this paper, which will be reviewed below.
The first source used was Single-Prolonged Stress: A Review of two Decades of Progress in a Rodent Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Lisieski et al., 2018). This source discusses how an increased form of stress such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), can cause an increase in pain sensitivity, leading to chronic pain illnesses. This research delves into the effects of corticosteroid receptors and neuroendocrine responses. The authors also go on to state how traumatic disorders may cause the body to be dependent on substance use, thus depicting how trauma plays a crucial role on the human body.
The second source used was Systematic Review with Meta‐Analysis: The Association Between Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (Ng, Q. X. et al., 2019). This source dwells into how certain chronic illnesses such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), are linked to PTSD. Individuals with PTSD are more likely to experience IBS symptoms, since the trauma enhances the inflammation within the body and the pain, causing IBS symptoms in some. This is interesting for the research paper, depicting the effect of trauma on the human body.
The third source used was The Association Between Anxiety, Traumatic Stress, and Obsessive–Compulsive Disorders and Chronic Inflammation: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis (Renna et al., 2018). This research source further supports and states about how chronic inflammation in the body is triggered by certain trauma from disorders such as PTSD, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The source states that chronic inflammation can be measured by C-reactive protein and inflammatory cytokines. This research thoroughly explores trauma by measuring chronic levels of inflammation, which is crucial information for the thesis of this paper.
The fourth source used was Systemic Low-Grade Inflammation in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review (Speer et al., 2018). This research source discusses how systemic inflammation can be evaluated by the systemic inflammatory biomarkers, which is increased in PTSD cases. The source also dwells into exploring how white blood cells and natural killer cells are elevated in PTSD individuals. The authors depict the research well within the source and will further assist the thesis of the paper.
The next source used was Illness Pathways Between Eating Disorder and Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: Understanding Comorbidity With Network Analysis (Vanzhula et al., 2019). This research source depicted that PTSD symptoms serves as a crucial factor in certain people with eating disorders. The source stated that certain people will either purge, and binge eat to avoid certain distressing thoughts, feelings, and memories. This source is helpful for thesis since it further suggests an individual with an eating disorder will be rather impulsive and emotional dysregulation due to the traumatic experience of past.
The last source used was The Impact of Stress on Body Function: A Review (Yaribeygi et al., 2017). This research article explores how trauma results in stress, and these stressors can have several effects on the human body. Certain traumatic stressors can alter the homeostasis within the body. The authors of this source dwell into the cardiovascular system, and the effect of stress on the heart rate, by increasing the heart rate. Also, the blood pressure is affected as well by stress by upon the stimulation of the autonomic sympathetic nervous system, which results in vasoconstriction, increasing the blood pressure as a result. This source includes thoroughly explained details to support thesis of the paper.

Discussion
The literature review supports the topic of this paper, by giving specific details from each source listed in the literature review that further supports and links back to the thesis of how trauma not only influences the mind and brain itself, but also plays a crucial impact on the human body. In one of the sources mentioned in the literature review, Illness Pathways Between Eating Disorder and Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: Understanding Comorbidity With Network Analysis (Vanzhula et al., 2019), which dwelled within the topic of PTSD symptoms being correlated to eating disorders. For example, the source stated that certain people will either purge, and binge eat to avoid certain distressing thoughts, feelings, and memories. This source is helpful for the thesis since it further implies that an individual with an eating disorder will be rather impulsive and emotional dysregulation due to the traumatic experience of past, which proves how trauma plays a vital role on the human body.
Another source mentioned in the literature review, Systematic Review with Meta‐Analysis: The Association Between Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (Ng, Q. X. et al., 2019) dwells into how specific chronic illnesses such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), are associated to PTSD. Individuals with PTSD are more likely to experience IBS symptoms, since the trauma enhances the inflammation within the body and the pain, causing IBS symptoms in some. This fact mentioned above, further supports the thesis, by describing the effect of trauma on the human body.
When stress is increased, the cortisol levels also tend to increase within the body. This is when inflammation levels tend to rise inside the body. Chronic inflammation in the body is activated by certain trauma from disorders such as PTSD, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The sourceThe Association Between Anxiety, Traumatic Stress, and Obsessive–Compulsive Disorders and Chronic Inflammation: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis (Renna et al., 2018) states that chronic inflammation can be evaluated by C-reactive protein and inflammatory cytokines.Additionally, one of my sources Systemic Low-Grade Inflammation in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review (Speer et al., 2018) explains how systemic inflammation can be assessed by the systemic inflammatory biomarkers, which is elevated in PTSD cases. The source also states how white blood cells and natural killer cells are increased in PTSD individuals. The all further proves the thesis of this paper, of how trauma not only influences the mind, but also has a critical impact on the human body.
Conclusion

References
Lisieski, M. J., Eagle, A. L., Conti, A. C., Liberzon, I., & Perrine, S. A. (2018). Single-prolonged stress: a
review of two decades of progress in a rodent model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Frontiers
in psychiatry, 9, 196.
Ng, Q. X., Soh, A. Y. S., Loke, W., Venkatanarayanan, N., Lim, D. Y., & Yeo, W. S. (2019). Systematic review with meta‐analysis: The association between post‐traumatic stress disorder and irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 34(1), 68-73.
Renna, M. E., O’Toole, M. S., Spaeth, P. E., Lekander, M., &Mennin, D. S. (2018). The association between anxiety, traumatic stress, and obsessive–compulsive disorders and chronic inflammation: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Depression and anxiety, 35(11), 1081-1094.
Speer, K., Upton, D., Semple, S., & McKune, A. (2018). Systemic low-grade inflammation in post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review. Journal of inflammation research, 11, 111.
Vanzhula, I. A., Calebs, B., Fewell, L., & Levinson, C. A. (2019). Illness pathways between eating disorder and post‐traumatic stress disorder symptoms: Understanding comorbidity with network analysis. European Eating Disorders Review, 27(2), 147-160.
Yaribeygi, H., Panahi, Y., Sahraei, H., Johnston, T. P., &Sahebkar, A. (2017). The impact of stress on body function: A review. EXCLI journal, 16, 1057.

Annotated Bibliography
Lisieski, M. J., Eagle, A. L., Conti, A. C., Liberzon, I., & Perrine, S. A. (2018). Single-prolonged stress: a
review of two decades of progress in a rodent model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Frontiers
in psychiatry, 9, 196.
This source depicts how chronic pain is linked with PTSD due to increased traumatic stress may enhance pain sensitivity, leading to chronic pain illnesses. The research explores the effects of corticosteroid receptors and neuroendocrine responses. The authors also go on to state how traumatic disorders may cause the body to be dependent on substance use. This is an interesting detail from the authors and this source furthers assists the thesis of this paper.
Ng, Q. X., Soh, A. Y. S., Loke, W., Venkatanarayanan, N., Lim, D. Y., & Yeo, W. S. (2019). Systematic review with meta‐analysis: The association between post‐traumatic stress disorder and irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 34(1), 68-73.
This research source discusses how a traumatic disorder such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) increases the chance of individuals irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). This source is helpful because it backs up my thesis that trauma not only affects the brain, but also has huge impact on human body. The author works well with exploring this topic of IBS in relationship to PTSD, which will assist the thesis of this paper.
Renna, M. E., O’Toole, M. S., Spaeth, P. E., Lekander, M., &Mennin, D. S. (2018). The association between anxiety, traumatic stress, and obsessive–compulsive disorders and chronic inflammation: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Depression and anxiety, 35(11), 1081-1094.
This research source states how certain disorders like PTSD, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) plays crucial part for chronic illnesses, due these certain disorders cause chronic inflammation within the body. The source states that chronic inflammation can be measured by C-reactive protein and inflammatory cytokines. The authors thoroughly explore trauma by measuring chronic levels of inflammation, which is crucial information for the thesis of this paper.
Speer, K., Upton, D., Semple, S., & McKune, A. (2018). Systemic low-grade inflammation in post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review. Journal of inflammation research, 11, 111.
This research source discusses how systemic inflammation can be evaluated by the systemic inflammatory biomarkers, which is increased in PTSD cases. The source also dwells into exploring how white blood cells and natural killer cells are elevated in PTSD individuals. The authors depict the research well within the source and will further assist the thesis of the paper.
Vanzhula, I. A., Calebs, B., Fewell, L., & Levinson, C. A. (2019). Illness pathways between eating disorder and post‐traumatic stress disorder symptoms: Understanding comorbidity with network analysis. European Eating Disorders Review, 27(2), 147-160.
This research source depicted that PTSD symptoms serves as a crucial factor in certain people with eating disorders. The source stated that certain people will either purge, and binge eat to avoid certain distressing thoughts, feelings, and memories.
This source is helpful for thesis since it further suggests an individual with an eating disorder will be rather impulsive and emotional dysregulation due to the traumatic experience of past.
Yaribeygi, H., Panahi, Y., Sahraei, H., Johnston, T. P., &Sahebkar, A. (2017). The impact of stress on body function: A review. EXCLI journal, 16, 1057.
This research article explores how trauma results in stress, and these stressors can have several effects on the human body. Certain traumatic stressors can alter the homeostasis within the body. The authors of this source dwell into the cardiovascular system, and the affect of stress on the heart rate, by increasing the heart rate. Also, the blood pressure is affected as well by stress by upon the stimulation of the autonomic sympathetic nervous system, which results in vasoconstriction, increasing the blood pressure as a result.