Data Types and Secondary Sources
Part One
Does there appear to be a relationship between adult internet usage and age between
2000 and 2018?
The graphic representations indicate the connection between internet use and age over 18 years. By 2018, 97 of the younger age category (18-29) and 96% of the next age category (30-49) will be using applying the internet more often (Jonson, 2021). The years from 2000 to 2018 registered an increase in the number of elderly people (50-65+) using the internet. Notably, younger people are more actively involved in internet use than other age categories. This can be attributed to curiosity and increased computer engagement among the younger generation due to their open-mindedness and eagerness to adapt quickly to new computer technology. Therefore, there is a relationship between adult internet usage and age between 2000 and 2018.
The internet depicts a major change in how Americans integrate, gather information, and engage in their day-to-day lives. For more than fifteen years, Pew Research Center has recorded the increased internet usage and distribution throughout the US.
Rationale: The major success of the internet has developed to the point that it is visible. The capacity to engage in daily and necessary tasks without getting out of the home area gives it a beneficial look that aligns with the current generation of smart rather than hard workers.
Part Two
Has data breaches in the health medical sector increased in the last five years?
Healthcare data breach statistics have been compiled from October 2009, when the Department of Health and Human Services Office for Civil Rights began documenting crucial information about healthcare data breaches on its official platform, until December 31, 20202. The healthcare data breach data include information on breaches of more than 500 records since details of smaller breaches are left unpublished by Office for Civil Rights (Patel, 2019). The breaches include already filed cases and those that are still under investigation. The healthcare data breach statistics indicate that there has been an increasing upward approach of data breaches over the last ten years, with 2020 reporting higher cases of breaches since records first started being published.Over the years, there have been evident changes in the leading causes of data breaches. From 2009 to 2015, healthcare records theft and loss was the leading cause of data breaches. The electronically preserved health information led to the breach reports (Johnson, 2021). Establishing effective policies and directives and using encryption has assisted in reducing breaches that could be prevented. The healthcare data breach statistics indicates that the major cause of the breaches includes hacking, unauthorized entry, and data theft.
Healthcare data breaches by year
From 2009 to 2020, 3705 healthcare data breaches of over five hundred records have been presented to the health and human services Office for Civil Rights (HIPPA Journal, 2019). The data breaches have led to losing data, exposing and unauthorized access to large data records. The exposed data represented more than 80.74% of the total US population. In 2018, healthcare data breaches of more than five hundred records were reported around once per day (HIPPA Journal, 2019). By the end of the year 2020, the total number of reported breaches had doubled. The average daily number of breaches in 2020 was 1.75.
Healthcare hacking incidents by year
Statistics indicate that data hacking is the current leading contributor to breaches in the healthcare system. However, healthcare organizations have placed effective measures that help in detecting potential hack incidents and malware practices. The minimal number of hacks reported in the previous years could be partially due to the failure to detect hacks and malware practices. Most of the hack incidents from 2014-2018 resulted in many months and, in some cases, years before their detection.
Unauthorized access by year
Healthcare organizations are moving well in detecting insider breaches and reporting them to the relevant offices. These incidents are composed of employee errors, negligence, and actions of malicious employees.
Loss/theft of PHI and unencrypted ePHI by year
The healthcare data breach statistics indicate HIPPA-covered entities and business associates have improved at protecting healthcare records with administration, physical, and technical control, including encryption. However, unencrypted desktops and other electronics, such as laptops, are still being left unsecured in houses and other areas accessible by the general public. Most theft entails paper records, which can lead tothe exposure of huge amounts of patient data.
Conclusion: Over the past years, many records of health data breaches have exposed vital information. Currently, there has been a reported increase in breaches in healthcare data. The increase in the internet and technological advancement comes with major impacts. These adverse impacts, in this case, our financial details kept from patients, could offer a hacker enough information to benefit their financial advances. It helps them in stealing data to develop points of income without making any efforts and establish no dire impacts on them. Therefore, creating effective firewalls and security moves has been necessary for all firms to eliminate this data breach risk.
Rationale: Internet IT has greatly impacted healthcare data because it violates the security of financial information kept for patients and offered hackers accessibility to information they can for their financial advantage. The need to create increased security measures and safeguards has resulted in healthcare organizations’ primary goal as they aim to minimize and eliminate this risk.
Part Three
Dataset name- Projected yearly inflation rate in the US 2010-2027
Dataset source-united States department of labor statistics
Dataset location-consumer expenditure and inflation/US department of labor
Dataset overview- The dataset is composed of statistics of United States inflation rates from 2010-2011 and has more projections up to 2027. The rate of inflation is the growth in the consumer price index. The consumer price index measures the transformation in a given basket of certain items.
Dataset timeframe- 2010-2027
Variables- The four variables include pricing levels, time, unemployment rate, and wages
Price level
Source: Statistica
Scoring: medium-high 4.5
Measurement levels: United States dollars
Interpretation: Relative high inflation rates than the former years
Time
Source: Statistica
Scoring: Inclusive
Measurement level: years
Interpretation: included current and anticipated data.
Unemployment
Source: Statistica
Scoring: medium low:4
Measurement levels: unemployment rates
Interpretations: Low rates of unemployment have resulted from a rise in inflation rates
Wages
Source: Statistica
Scoring: High
Measurement levels: US dollars
Interpretations: there is a positive correlation between inflation and the wage levels
Reflection
Inflation in the United States has grown during 2022, but the projected scales indicate that the rate will drop towards 2027. There exist an inverse correlation between the rate of inflation and unemployment. Although the rise in inflation denotes a rising demand and low unemployment rates, higher inflation is unfavorable for the economy’s growth.
Advantages
Accurate data records are sourced from reliable points. The data is also visually presented using a graphical presentation, making it easy to interpret and make inferences. The calculations of forecasts are included in the analysis. This helps save time. Additionally, using an archived dataset is a great advantage since the quantitative research has already been conducted and can aid in supporting the dissertation topic.
Disadvantages
The data is empirical and has minimal explanatory variables. The data range was gathered over a shorter span. The data is only suitable for methodological research approaches. Therefore, the details that may be required may only sometimes be unavailable for use.
Benefits
The datasets contain essential and informative forecasts for explanatory approaches. The datasets have a backup from sources that can be added to methodological research approaches. Such data provides an avenue for other research proposals. Additionally, archived datasets offer the benefit of multiple datasets that can help dissertation support.
Challenges
The dataset cannot provide direct answers to research queries and needs recording to make meaning. The analysis only applies to archived data and may not have the richness of other deductive data sources. Additionally, with the archived datasets, it takes much time to get a suitable dataset to help in supporting the dissertation.
Appropriateness of the data
Part A’s research objective is to measure the existing connection between age and the internet usage variable. The secondary information consists of the two variables examined in the study for the needed times. The data also needed more information. The age variables were categorical and nominal scale. Age categorization into groups was effective for analyses as it helped to compare age and internet usage.
Part B’s research objective was to determine whether there was an increase in the number of internet breaches in the medical sector in the last five years. The data was composed of two variables lacking any missing information. The variables in the data were years measured on an interval scale and the type of breaches.
References
HIPPA Journal. (2019, January). Analysis of 2018 Healthcare Data Breaches. https://www.hipaajournal.com/analysis-of-healthcare-data-breaches/
Pew Research Center. (2019). Internet Use by Age. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/chart/internet-use-by-age/
Johnson, J. (2021, April 4). Adult internet usage penetration in the United States from 2000 to
2021, by age group. Statista. Retrieved January 02, 2022, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/184389/adult-internet-users-in-the-us-by-age-since-2000/
Patel, H. (2019). These are the best free open data sources anyone can use.https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/https-medium-freecodecamp-org-best-free-open-data-sources-anyone-can-use-a65b514b0f2d/
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