Bluetooth
What is bluethoot?
Bluetooth, a short-range wireless communication technology, allows mobile phones, computers, and other peripherals to transmit data and audio over short distances wirelessly. Bluetooth removes the need for connections while guaranteeing the security of device-to-device communications(Bluetooth,2020).Bluetooth technology enables high-speed, low-power wireless communication for linking phones and other portable devices. Specified is low-power radio communications to link phones, computers, and other network devices without wires over short distances. Bluetooth’s short-range wireless transmissions typically have a maximum range of 30 feet (10 meters). That can happen by incorporating affordable transceivers into the devices. It features three speech channels and a maximum data throughput of 721KBps, and it operates in the 2.45GHz frequency band. International agreements have authorized this frequency range for use by 1.0-compatible ISM (industrial, scientific, and medical) equipment. It may create point-to-point or multipoint connections with up to “eight devices” simultaneously, each of which has a unique address(Bluetooth, 2020). Numerous items that need short-range communication utilize existing technology, such as Bluetooth, wireless headphones, mobile phones, laptops, and wireless computer mice(Mantz, Classen et al., 2019).Bluetooth wireless technology bears the name of the Danish Viking and monarch Harald Blatand, whose surname translates to “Bluetooth” in English. Similarly to how Bluetooth wireless technology has the respect for uniting two disparate devices, he is credited for uniting Denmark and Norway.
History
Bluetooth was created in 1994 when Ericsson Mobile Communications set out to find an alternative to using wires for communication between mobile phones and other devices. The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), formed by Ericsson, IBM, Nokia, and Toshiba in 1998, issued its initial version in 1999. The first version, version 1.2, featured a 1Mbps data transmission speed. The Next was version 2.0+EDR, with a 3Mbps data rate flowed, and The third was 3.0+HS, with a speed of 24 Mbps. The latest release is version 4.0.
How does it work?
A Bluetooth network consists of a Personal Area Network, often known as a piconet, consisting of two to eight Bluetooth peer devices, generally one master and up to seven enslaved people. A master is a device that initiates communication with other devices(Mantz, Classen, et al., 2019). The controller device controls the communications connection and traffic between the controller device and the agent devices that are linking . A slave device is one that responds to the master device(Mantz, Classen et.al, 2019). The transmit and receive times of slave devices must be identical to those of master devices.
Mantz, Classen et.al, (2019), assert that the master device regulates the transmissions of slave devices (i.e., the master device dictates when a slave device may transmit). For instance, a slave device may only initiate transmission in a time slot that immediately follows the time slot in which it was addressed by the master, or in a time slot that has been allocated for use by the slave device.
The master device’s Bluetooth device address (BD ADDR) defines the frequency hopping pattern. The specified slave devices within the address range are first requested through radio signal by the master device(Mantz, Classen et.al, 2019). The slaves respond to the master device and synchronize their clocks and hop frequencies. When a device actively connects many piconets, scatternets are generated. The neighboring gadget spreads its time slots over many piconets.
Connections
Bluetooth-connected devices are often very secure against hackers. The phrase “frequency-hopping spread spectrum” refers to a technique that flips between various frequencies hundreds of times per second since they utilise several frequencies(Todtenberg,& Kraemer,2019).Connecting mobile devices to fixed equipment is a typical use for this device. However, printer-to-computer connectivity is also available. Bluetooth and Wi-Fi often work together and provide the same connection, thus it is impossible to distinguish which device is connected. The majority of tablets, PCs, and smartphones only permit the connection of one Bluetooth-enabled device at a time(Todtenberg,& Kraemer,2019).
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What is the main communication architecture of such technology?
Bluetooth architecture utilizes Piconet and Scatternet as two of its networks.Bluetooth network technology establishes a personal area network by connecting mobile devices wirelessly over a short distance or personal area network (PAN)(Mantz, Classen et.al, 2019). Instead of using the mainstream OSI model or TCP/IP model, the Bluetooth design use a model with a stack of protocols that is distinct from those models.
The protocols of the Bluetooth Protocol Architecture
Bluetooth radio and baseband (also part of the data connection layer) are included in the physical layer. This protocol offers the physical structure and technical standards for radio wave transmission. It describes the air interface, frequency ranges, frequency hopping needs, and modulation techniques.This protocol makes use of radio protocol services(Bluetooth, 2020). It defines timing, power control, addressing, and packet frame format.The Data Link Layer consists of Baseband, Link Manager Protocol (LMP), and Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP).The Link Manager Protocol (LMP) establishes and maintains logical connections between Bluetooth devices to allow for communication(Bluetooth,2020).
Authentication of devices, message encryption, and negotiation of packet size are further important LMP features.L2CAP, also known as the Logical Link Control and Adaption Protocol, enables the adaptation of baseband layer frame formats to upper layer frame formats. L2CAP supports both connection-oriented and connectionless services(Todtenberg,& Kraemer,2019).Layer of Intermediate Depth This includes approved protocols, SDP, and AT instructions, in addition to the Radio Frequency Communications (RFComm) protocol.
Radio Frontend Component represents the acronym RFComm. It supports a serial interface over WAP.This category includes protocols that have been adopted from standard models. Bluetooth, (2020), further explains that Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), Internet Protocol (IP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Transmission Control Protocol, and Wireless Application Protocol are the most often used Bluetooth protocols (WAP).SDP processes service-related queries, such as those relating to device information, in order to establish a connection between Bluetooth devices that compete with one another.AT commands; the Attention command set.The application profiles that allow user interaction with Bluetooth applications are included inside the applications layer.
Internet, Piconet
A wireless network known as a piconet comprises seven active secondary nodes known as slave nodes in addition to one primary node, also known as the master node. Consequently, we may say that there are a total of eight active nodes, all of which are 10 meters apart(Todtenberg,& Kraemer,2019). These two nodes are capable of one-to-one and one-to-many communication.Communication is only possible between a master and a slave; communication between slaves is not possible. In addition, there are 255 parked nodes, often known as secondary nodes(Todtenberg,& Kraemer,2019).Until the status is changed to active, they cannot interact.
Scatternet Network
Various piconets may be used to construct the Scatternet Network. In one piconet, the slave acts as the master; in other piconets, it might be referred to as the main. Consequently, this kind of node gets a message from the master in one piconet and transmits it to its slave in another piconet, where it works as a slave (Bluetooth 2020). This kind of node is hence called as a bridge node. A station cannot hold the position of master in a two-piconet network.
Bluetooth Types
Wires and cables are no longer required due to technological advancements. The number of devices that support Bluetooth is expanding quickly at now (Bluetooth 2020).Bluetooth is existing in many forms and devices. Such devices include the headset, Mono headset, Bluetooth system in a car, printers, webcams, GPS unit, keyboards and many more devices. The Bluetooth headset is the most popular electronic device. In general, a headset allows mobile users to make and receive phone conversations without using their hands or wires. Todtenberg,& Kraemer,2019, asserts that Due to the voice recognition features of these headsets, it is feasible to make calls and converse without a cell phone.Without wires, a stereo headset performs the same functions as a regular headset. A stereo headset may be paired with any Bluetooth-enabled device, including a music player. Consequently, the user is able to hear the music when in close proximity to their music player device. This headset may also be used with mobile phones(Todtenberg,& Kraemer,2019).
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The mobile phone and the car’s music system are connected through Bluetooth technology installed in the vehicle. Therefore, it is possible to make and receive calls over the speaker system without a mobile device.A Bluetooth-enabled printer may wirelessly access and print items such as images and text documents from any Bluetooth-enabled device, such as a laptop without the need for cords(Todtenberg,& Kraemer,2019). For printing to work properly, this device must be connected to the printer.Bluetooth-enabled webcams perform similarly to standard webcams, but without the need for cords. Instead than being tied into or near to the computer like normal cameras, the wireless characteristics allow the device additional freedom.
A GPS with Bluetooth enables voice communication, making it a more useful device than a normal GPS. Once the device and user have established verbal contact, the device will search for an address and present the user with on-screen directions.Bluetooth-enabled keyboard Without the need for cords to connect the device to a computer, a Bluetooth-enabled keyboard performs similarly to a standard keyboard. This keyboard is compatible with certain smartphone devicesTodtenberg,& Kraemer,2019).
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What is the application domain for such technology? – list at least 3 different examples where Bluetooth perfectly fits.
There are three broad criteria for classifying Bluetooth usage. The first one is the Points of Voice and Data Access. Bluetooth wirelessly links mobile and fixed network devices to allow voice and data transfers in real-time. Cable replacement is the one that follows.Bluetooth reduces the need for wired networks’ many cables and connections. Even when the devices are out of range, connections may be established and maintained instantly. The devices typically have a range of 10 meters. However, amplifiers may be employed to extend the range. The third is Ad hoc networking is the spontaneous development of networks by network devices without a router or other central access point(Todtenberg,& Kraemer,2019). Bluetooth networks are ad hoc in nature, since two Bluetooth-enabled devices may connect immediately upon coming within range of one another.
We can conclude that Bluetooth is a network technology that establishes a personal area network over a short distance by wirelessly connecting mobile devices (PAN). They utilise short-wavelength, ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio waves between 2.400 and 2.485 GHz for wireless communications. Regarding this, devices are now able to link and transmit data in the absence of cables.
References
Bluetooth, S. I. G. (2020). Bluetooth technology.
Mantz, D., Classen, J., Schulz, M., &Hollick, M. (2019, June). InternalBlue-Bluetooth binary patching and experimentation framework. In Proceedings of the 17th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services (pp. 79-90).
Todtenberg, N., & Kraemer, R. (2019). A survey on Bluetooth multi-hop networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 93, 101922.
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